This review critically evaluates analytical methods for the quantification of Dapagliflozin (DAPA), whether used independently or in combination with other pharmacological agents, within pharmaceutical formulations and biological matrices. The techniques examined include spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, electrochemistry, and chromatography (liquid chromatography, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography.)
Each method is systematically appraised for environmental impact, analytical performance, and operational feasibility using advanced assessment tools: Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), Click Analytical Chemistry Index (CACI), Green Solvent Selection Tool (GSST), Modified Green Analytical Procedure Index (MoGAPI), Red Analytical Performance Index (RAPI), and a new hybrid BGR tool. The comparative evaluation highlights key sustainability and applicability trade-offs: spectrophotometric and electrochemical methods demonstrate superior greenness and cost-effectiveness; chromatographic techniques remain indispensable for complex and regulatory analyses despite moderate environmental impact; while spectrofluorimetry offers high sensitivity for biological matrices. By integrating multiple greenness and performance indices, this work provides novel insights into the sustainability profiles of DAPA analytical methods and supports the advancement of Green and White Analytical Chemistry (GAC and WAC) through evidence-based method selection.
2025.